Global Dairy Production Faces Critical Self-Sufficiency Challenges
A comprehensive study published in Nature Food in 2025 has revealed critical gaps in global nutritional self-sufficiency, with a particular focus on dairy production. Out of 186 countries analyzed, only 44% are self-sufficient in dairy, highlighting a significant global deficit. This issue is most pronounced in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania, where over 80% of the nations cannot meet their dairy needs domestically.
The research utilized FAO Food Balance Sheets and demographic dietary modeling to assess national capabilities in meeting dietary requirements. While meat self-sufficiency is relatively high worldwide, dairy production remains a challenge. Europe stands as an exception, where all countries meet their domestic dairy demand.
The findings have substantial implications for regions like India, the world's largest milk producer. Despite its production leadership, India's dairy sector faces pressures from rising population demands, milk price volatility, and shifts towards sustainable consumption. The study emphasizes the need for continuous investment in value-added dairy products, advanced dairy technology, and climate-resilient practices.
Economic unions and regional trade blocs offer limited protection against these challenges. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), for instance, is self-sufficient only in meat, and no regional bloc meets vegetable requirements. The study warns against overreliance on few import sources, as it reduces a nation’s ability to adapt to supply line disruptions.
For India, maintaining its self-reliance in dairy and starchy staples is crucial. The study suggests prioritizing cold chain infrastructure and value chain development to ensure a nutrition-rich milk supply, especially for rural and low-income populations. Innovations such as precision dairy farming and fortified milk products are recommended pathways forward.
As dietary demands increase with population growth, the findings serve as a caution that nutritional security requires strategic food production planning, technological investments, and diversified trade policies. The Indian dairy industry, with its cooperative base and government support, is at a pivotal point, poised to lead if it adapts swiftly.
